Pengetahuan, sikap, dan praktik peternak mengenai risiko masuk dan penularan penyakit mulut dan kuku di Timor Barat, Indonesia

 Open Vet. J.. 2026; 16(8): 5125-5134

doi: 10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i8.8

Livestock farmers’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices on the risk of foot-and-mouth disease entry and transmission in West Timor, Indonesia

Petrus Malo Bulu, Ewaldus Wera, Victor Lenda, Theresia Nur Indah Koni.

Abstract Background: Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals, causing significant economic losses to the livestock industry. The reemergence of FMD in Indonesia after a considerable disease-free period necessitates a comprehensive understanding of the behavioral factors of farmers. Aim: This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of livestock farmers in West Timor regarding the risks of FMD introduction and transmission in East Nusa Tenggara Province (NTT), Indonesia. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 290 livestock farmers was conducted using structured questionnaires. KAP indicators were assessed as absent (0), low, moderate, or high using a five-point Likert scale. Results: Low knowledge of FMD clinical signs and vaccination was observed in 48.6% and 52.8% of farmers, respectively. Education level was significantly associated with the KAP category (χ² = 18.62, df = 8, p = 0.002). Farmers with secondary education or higher were more likely to demonstrate high KAP levels (odds ratio = 2.47, 95% confidence interval: 1.31–4.65, p = 0.005). Conclusion: Livestock farmers in West Timor generally exhibited low to moderate levels of FMD-related knowledge and preventive practices. This study provides one of the first empirical assessments of FMD-related KAP among cattle farmers in West Timor and identifies education as a key determinant of preventive behavior, providing evidence to support risk-based extension and disease control strategies. Key words: Foot-and-mouth disease; Knowledge; Attitudes; Practices; Livestock farmers; West Timor.

How to Cite this Article

Pubmed Style Bulu PM, Wera E, Lenda V, Koni TNI. Livestock farmers’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices on the risk of foot-and-mouth disease entry and transmission in West Timor, Indonesia. Open Vet. J.. 2026; 16(8): 5125-5134. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i8.8 Web Style Bulu PM, Wera E, Lenda V, Koni TNI. Livestock farmers’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices on the risk of foot-and-mouth disease entry and transmission in West Timor, Indonesia. https://www.openveterinaryjournal.com/?mno=318853 [Access: August 08, 2026]. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i8.8 AMA (American Medical Association) Style Bulu PM, Wera E, Lenda V, Koni TNI. Livestock farmers’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices on the risk of foot-and-mouth disease entry and transmission in West Timor, Indonesia. Open Vet. J.. 2026; 16(8): 5125-5134. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i8.8 Vancouver/ICMJE Style Bulu PM, Wera E, Lenda V, Koni TNI. Livestock farmers’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices on the risk of foot-and-mouth disease entry and transmission in West Timor, Indonesia. Open Vet. J.. (2026), [cited August 08, 2026]; 16(8): 5125-5134. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i8.8 Harvard Style Bulu, P. M., Wera, . E., Lenda, . V. & Koni, . T. N. I. (2026) Livestock farmers’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices on the risk of foot-and-mouth disease entry and transmission in West Timor, Indonesia. Open Vet. J., 16 (8), 5125-5134. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i8.8 Turabian Style Bulu, Petrus Malo, Ewaldus Wera, Victor Lenda, and Theresia Nur Indah Koni. 2026. Livestock farmers’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices on the risk of foot-and-mouth disease entry and transmission in West Timor, Indonesia. Open Veterinary Journal, 16 (8), 5125-5134. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i8.8 Chicago Style Bulu, Petrus Malo, Ewaldus Wera, Victor Lenda, and Theresia Nur Indah Koni. "Livestock farmers’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices on the risk of foot-and-mouth disease entry and transmission in West Timor, Indonesia." Open Veterinary Journal 16 (2026), 5125-5134. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i8.8 MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style Bulu, Petrus Malo, Ewaldus Wera, Victor Lenda, and Theresia Nur Indah Koni. "Livestock farmers’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices on the risk of foot-and-mouth disease entry and transmission in West Timor, Indonesia." Open Veterinary Journal 16.8 (2026), 5125-5134. Print. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i8.8 APA (American Psychological Association) Style Bulu, P. M., Wera, . E., Lenda, . V. & Koni, . T. N. I. (2026) Livestock farmers’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices on the risk of foot-and-mouth disease entry and transmission in West Timor, Indonesia. Open Veterinary Journal, 16 (8), 5125-5134. doi:10.5455/OVJ.2026.v16.i8.8

Read More

Kisi-kisi soal Mata Kuliah Teknik Penulisan Ilmiah

 

UJIAN TENGAH SEMESTER (UTS)

Materi 2: Sistematika Penulisan Ilmiah

20 Soal Pilihan Ganda

1.

Tujuan utama penulisan ilmiah adalah....

A. Menghibur pembaca

B. Menyampaikan informasi berdasarkan fakta dan metode ilmiah

C. Menyampaikan opini pribadi

D. Menjual suatu produk

E. Mengkritik penulis lain

Jawaban: B

---

2.

Bagian pertama setelah halaman judul dalam karya ilmiah biasanya adalah....

A. Daftar pustaka

B. Pendahuluan

C. Abstrak

D. Lampiran

E. Pembahasan

Jawaban: C

---

3.

Bagian pendahuluan berisi....

A. Daftar referensi

B. Latar belakang, rumusan masalah, dan tujuan penelitian

C. Analisis statistik

D. Kesimpulan

E. Lampiran

Jawaban: B

---

4.

Rumusan masalah disusun untuk....

A. Menentukan biaya penelitian

B. Menjelaskan identitas penulis

C. Menentukan pertanyaan penelitian

D. Menentukan daftar pustaka

E. Menentukan jadwal penelitian

Jawaban: C

---

5.

Tujuan penelitian harus....

A. Sama dengan judul

B. Menjawab rumusan masalah

C. Berupa opini

D. Sangat panjang

E. Berisi hasil penelitian

Jawaban: B

---

6.

Kajian pustaka berfungsi untuk....

A. Menampilkan hasil penelitian

B. Menjelaskan teori dan penelitian terdahulu

C. Menentukan biaya penelitian

D. Menampilkan foto penelitian

E. Menyusun daftar isi

Jawaban: B

---

7.

Metode penelitian menjelaskan....

A. Pendapat penulis

B. Cara penelitian dilakukan

C. Daftar pustaka

D. Riwayat hidup penulis

E. Ucapan terima kasih

Jawaban: B

---

8.

Hasil penelitian disajikan secara....

A. Objektif

B. Subjektif

C. Emosional

D. Berlebihan

E. Imajinatif

Jawaban: A

---

9.

Pembahasan bertujuan untuk....

A. Mengulang metode

B. Menginterpretasikan hasil penelitian

C. Menyusun daftar isi

D. Menulis abstrak

E. Menambah gambar

Jawaban: B

---

10.

Kesimpulan harus....

A. Berisi teori baru

B. Menjawab tujuan penelitian

C. Berisi seluruh isi buku

D. Memuat daftar pustaka

E. Sangat panjang

Jawaban: B

---

11.

Daftar pustaka memuat....

A. Seluruh buku yang pernah dibaca

B. Referensi yang dikutip dalam naskah

C. Buku favorit penulis

D. Artikel berita

E. Lampiran

Jawaban: B

---

12.

Lampiran biasanya berisi....

A. Rumusan masalah

B. Data pendukung penelitian

C. Kesimpulan

D. Hipotesis

E. Judul

Jawaban: B

---

13.

Abstrak ditulis secara....

A. Sangat rinci

B. Ringkas

C. Panjang

D. Berulang

E. Naratif

Jawaban: B

---

14.

Hipotesis biasanya terdapat pada....

A. Penelitian eksperimental

B. Daftar pustaka

C. Lampiran

D. Kata pengantar

E. Biodata

Jawaban: A

---

15.

Bahasa yang digunakan dalam karya ilmiah adalah....

A. Bahasa gaul

B. Bahasa ilmiah yang baku

C. Bahasa sehari-hari

D. Bahasa humor

E. Bahasa iklan

Jawaban: B

---

16.

Data penelitian harus....

A. Direkayasa

B. Valid

C. Dipilih sesuai keinginan

D. Disembunyikan

E. Dihapus

Jawaban: B

---

17.

Judul karya ilmiah yang baik harus....

A. Menarik tetapi tidak sesuai isi

B. Singkat, jelas, dan mencerminkan isi

C. Sangat panjang

D. Mengandung opini

E. Menggunakan bahasa tidak baku

Jawaban: B

---

18.

Urutan penulisan ilmiah yang benar adalah....

A. Hasil–Pendahuluan–Metode

B. Pendahuluan–Metode–Hasil–Pembahasan–Kesimpulan

C. Metode–Pendahuluan–Kesimpulan

D. Pembahasan–Hasil

E. Kesimpulan–Pendahuluan

Jawaban: B

---

19.

Bagian yang menjelaskan bagaimana data dikumpulkan adalah....

A. Pembahasan

B. Metode

C. Abstrak

D. Daftar pustaka

E. Lampiran

Jawaban: B

---

20.

Salah satu ciri karya ilmiah adalah....

A. Objektif

B. Fiktif

C. Imajinatif

D. Subjektif

E. Persuasif

Jawaban: A

---

UJIAN AKHIR SEMESTER (UAS)

Materi 3–4: Penggunaan Sumber Informasi, Parafrase, Ringkasan, Sitasi, dan Tools Sitasi

Disusun berdasarkan materi presentasi mengenai jenis sumber informasi, evaluasi sumber, plagiarisme, parafrase, ringkasan, sitasi, dan penggunaan perangkat lunak sitasi.

1.

Sumber primer adalah....

A. Ensiklopedia

B. Buku teks

C. Hasil penelitian asli

D. Kamus

E. Wikipedia

Jawaban: C

---

2.

Contoh sumber primer adalah....

A. Jurnal penelitian

B. Kamus

C. Ensiklopedia

D. Buku pelajaran SD

E. Blog

Jawaban: A

---

3.

Buku teks termasuk....

A. Sumber primer

B. Sumber sekunder

C. Sumber tersier

D. Sumber ilegal

E. Sumber anonim

Jawaban: B

---

4.

Ensiklopedia merupakan....

A. Sumber primer

B. Sumber sekunder

C. Sumber tersier

D. Artikel jurnal

E. Prosiding

Jawaban: C

---

5.

Kriteria utama memilih sumber informasi adalah....

A. Kredibilitas

B. Warna sampul

C. Jumlah halaman

D. Harga buku

E. Ukuran huruf

Jawaban: A

---

6.

Google Scholar digunakan untuk....

A. Bermain gim

B. Mencari referensi ilmiah

C. Mendesain poster

D. Mengedit foto

E. Membuat video

Jawaban: B

---

7.

Parafrase adalah....

A. Menyalin persis

B. Menulis ulang dengan kata sendiri tanpa mengubah makna

C. Menghapus sumber

D. Menambahkan opini

E. Menerjemahkan

Jawaban: B

---

8.

Ringkasan bertujuan....

A. Menambah isi

B. Mengambil ide pokok secara singkat

C. Mengubah hasil penelitian

D. Menghilangkan sumber

E. Menambah contoh

Jawaban: B

---

9.

Kutipan langsung harus....

A. Tanpa sumber

B. Menggunakan tanda kutip

C. Ditulis bebas

D. Diterjemahkan

E. Dipersingkat

Jawaban: B

---

10.

Kutipan tidak langsung merupakan....

A. Salinan persis

B. Parafrase yang tetap mencantumkan sumber

C. Ringkasan tanpa sumber

D. Opini penulis

E. Terjemahan

Jawaban: B

---

11.

Plagiarisme adalah....

A. Mengembangkan teori

B. Menggunakan karya orang lain tanpa pengakuan

C. Menulis referensi

D. Membuat abstrak

E. Menulis daftar pustaka

Jawaban: B

---

12.

Software manajemen referensi adalah....

A. Photoshop

B. Mendeley

C. CorelDraw

D. Canva

E. SPSS

Jawaban: B

---

13.

Berikut merupakan software sitasi kecuali....

A. Zotero

B. EndNote

C. Mendeley

D. Cite This For Me

E. VLC Media Player

Jawaban: E

---

14.

Tujuan sitasi adalah....

A. Memperbanyak halaman

B. Menghindari plagiarisme

C. Menambah gambar

D. Mengurangi referensi

E. Menghias naskah

Jawaban: B

---

15.

Format sitasi yang banyak digunakan pada ilmu sosial adalah....

A. APA

B. IEEE

C. Vancouver

D. MLA

E. Chicago Notes

Jawaban: A

---

16.

IEEE menggunakan sistem....

A. Nama dan tahun

B. Nomor referensi

C. Huruf

D. Simbol

E. Warna

Jawaban: B

---

17.

Vancouver paling umum digunakan pada bidang....

A. Sastra

B. Kedokteran dan kesehatan

C. Seni

D. Hukum

E. Bahasa

Jawaban: B

---

18.

DOI berfungsi untuk....

A. Menentukan penulis

B. Mempermudah menemukan artikel ilmiah

C. Menghitung sitasi

D. Membuat abstrak

E. Menentukan jurnal

Jawaban: B

---

19.

Sebelum mengutip suatu sumber, langkah pertama adalah....

A. Menghapus sumber

B. Membaca secara kritis dan mengevaluasi kualitas sumber

C. Menyalin isi

D. Mengubah hasil

E. Menghapus penulis

Jawaban: B

---

20.

Cara terbaik menghindari plagiarisme adalah....

A. Tidak menggunakan referensi

B. Selalu mencantumkan sumber pada kutipan, parafrase, dan ringkasan

C. Menyalin sebagian

D. Mengubah beberapa kata saja

E. Menghilangkan nama penulis

Jawaban: B

Read More

The Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 in Poultry From West Timor, Indonesia

Abstract

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), caused by subtype H5N1, is a serious viral disease of birds with significant public health concerns due to its zoonotic and pandemic potential. In West Timor (WT), Indonesia the disease resulted in the deaths or slaughter of hundreds of chickens between 2004 and 2006. The study described in this thesis was designed to provide evidence to support the current HPAI (H5N1) disease freedom status of WT. Data were analyzed to describe the historical spatio-temporal distribution of H5N1 in WT, questionnaire surveys conducted to determine husbandry and biosecurity measures adopted by poultry producers and the market network for poultry and poultry products, and a risk analysis performed to identify the risk of entry of HPAI H5N1 into WT so that suitable preventive programs could be developed. The retrospective study found that HPAI H5N1 was present at a high prevalence in sampled birds (50.8%, 95%CI: 45.1, 56.5) in 2004 which subsequently reduced in the following years. The highest prevalence was detected in the Kupang City District. Although seropositive chickens were detected in 2012 and 2013 these originated from farms that vaccinated birds against H5N1 and were likely false positive results. Pharyngeal-cloacal swabs were collected from 300 poultry (292 chickens and 8 Muscovy ducks) from 10 villages and 5 markets between August and October 2013. No positive results were obtained using the Anigen® Rapid H5 AIV antigen test (0%; 95%CI: 0.0-0.8%). A questionnaire was administered to 150 owners of chickens sampled. The results highlighted the adoption of management and husbandry practices, including a lack of biosecurity measures, which had the potential to increase the risk of poultry being exposed to H5N1. The risk analysis study found that the probabilities of importing infected chickens P(Inf1) and importing asymptomatically infected chickens P(Asym) had significant impacts on the likelihood of entry of HPAI H5N1, while the probability of infected chickens infecting local chickens P(Inf2) had the greatest impact on the probability of having an outbreak of HPAI in WT. The social network analysis conducted demonstrated that there were extensive poultry movements within Kota Kupang and from there to other districts, highlighting that Kota Kupang plays an important role as the potential entry-point for disease into WT. The current management, husbandry and biosecurity practices adopted by poultry farmers/households and the extensive movement of poultry means that there is a sizeable risk of disease spread if it were introduced to the region.

It is concluded that there is a need to: develop suitable educational material to: improve small-holder poultry owners‘ knowledge about avian influenza and the adoption of good husbandry and biosecurity measures; encourage disease reporting to the local Department of Agriculture; and to establish farmer groups to disseminate relevant information. 

To read and download this dissertation, please access it via the following link.: Disertation Petrus

Read More